Polyacrylamide (PAM)erina ekifo eky'omugaso mu kuddamu okunywa ennyonyi, era okulondawo kwayo kulina okusinziira ku bintu ebiri mu nnyonyi, ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu kuddamu okunywa ennyonyi, n'embeera z'enkola. Wano wammanga muli okunoonyereza okw'omunda ku misingi gy'okulonda n'okulongoosa ebikolwa.

I. Emisingi gy'Okulonda

1. Okunoonyereza ku Bintu eby'Ebisenge

Ebiri mu bintu ebirimu obutonde: Ebintu ebirimu obutonde obw'amaanyi (ng'ekyokulabirako, ebitundu ebirimu obutonde obw'amawanga) bitera okuba n'obuzito obubi era byetaaga PAM eya cationic (CPAM). Ebisenge ebiriko ebirungo ebitalina butonde (ng'ekyokulabirako, ebirungo eby'amakolero) biyinza okukozesa anionic (APAM) oba non-ionic PAM (NPAM).

Ensibuko y'omusaayi:

Municipal Sludge: Ebintu ebirimu obutonde obunene, ebirimu amazzi, byetaaga CPAM ey'obunene.

Ekitundu ky'amakolero (ng'ekyokulabirako, electroplating, okukola empapula): Kiyinza okuba nga kirimu ebyuma eby'amaanyi oba ebitalina butonde.

Omuwendo gwa pH:

Acidic (pH < 7): Yagala CPAM etali ya ionic oba ey'omutindo ogutono.

Alkaline (pH > 7): CPAM oba APAM ey'ebbeeyi ey'amaanyi eyinza okuba ekituufu.

2. Okulonda Ekika kya Ionic

Cationic PAM (CPAM): Ekisaawo amasannyalaze ag'obubi ku colloids z'omusaayi, ekyusa ekitundu ekibiri, era n'ekyusa ebitundu (ebikozesebwa mu ~90% eby'okuggya amazzi mu musaayi).

Anionic PAM (APAM): Ekifo ky'emizannyo egy'ekitundu ekiwanvu, egisaanira okukozesebwa mu nsimbi ezitalina butonde oba egigatta n'omunnyo gw'ekyuma (ng'ekyokulabirako, PAC).

PAM etali ya ionic (NPAM): Ekikozesebwa mu nsimbi ez'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika ek

3. Obuzito bwa Molecular (MW) & Obunene bw'okusasula

Obuzito bwa Molecule:

MW ey'amaanyi (12M+ Da): Enkola ebitundu ebinene, ebinene ebituukiridde ku centrifuges & ebikozesebwa mu kussa ebipande.

MW entono (6-8M Da): Ekisinga obulungi ku bifaananyi ebiriko ebifaananyi ebiriko ebifaananyi ebiriko ebifaananyi ebiriko ebifaananyi ebiriko ebifaananyi ebiriko ebifaananyi ebiriko ebifaananyi ebiriko ebifaananyi ebiriko

Obunene bw'okusasula:

Okusasula okw'amaanyi (20-40%): Ku nsimbi ez'obutonde obw'amaanyi, ez'obutonde obw'amaanyi.

Okusasula okutonotono (5-10%): Ku nsimbi ezitalina butonde oba okuteekateeka.

4. Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kuggya amazzi

Centrifuge: Obunene bw'amasannyalaze ag'omutindo ogusingawo, MW CPAM ey'omutindo ogusingawo okusobola okufulumya amangu.

Belt Filter Press: High MW, medium-high charge CPAM for shear-resistant flocs.

Plate-and-Frame Filter: Low MW, low charge CPAM/APAM okuziyiza okuziyiza.

5. Okusobola okusaanuuka & Okuteekateeka

Okufulumya: 0.1-0.3% omuwendo, ebbugumu ly'amazzi ≤60°C (kiziyiza okwonooneka).

Omutendo gw'okugatta: 50-200 rpm (gwewala okusenyuka kw'omutindo).

II. Metrics ez'Okukebera Ebikozesebwa

Ebikozesebwa mu Kuggya Amazzi

Ebintu ebirimu obuzibu: PAM ennungi ekendeeza ku nsimbi okuva ku 98% okutuuka ku 60-75%.

Obunene bw'ekika: Ebikozesebwa mu kukyusa ebikoola byetaaga ekika ekimu; centrifuges zeetaaga ebintu ebinene.

Ebintu bya Floc

Obunene: Obunene bw'ekibinja obulungi 1-5 mm (obunene ennyo butwala amazzi; obutono ennyo buleetawo okufiirwa).

Amaanyi: Okuziyiza okusiba (kikulu nnyo ku centrifuges).

Okukozesa eby'ekika kya Chemical & Emiwendo

Omutindo ogusinga obulungi: 2-5 kg PAM buli ttani y'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'ekitundu ky'

Omulimu gwa Filtrate

Obuzibu (NTU) bulina okuba < 50 okukendeeza ku muwendo gw'okuddaabiriza.

III. Ensonga ezirimu abantu bonna Okukola obulungi

Filter Cloth Sticking: Evuddwa PAM ey'amaanyi oba MW ey'amaanyi okukendeeza ku ddaala oba okukyusa ku PAM ey'amaanyi amatono.

Ebifo ebinafu: Okwongera ku bunene bw'ebikozesebwa oba okukyusa pH okutuuka ku 6-8.

Chemical Waste: Kozesa gradient dosing (okusooka okusasula okutono, oluvannyuma okusasula okunene).

IV. Enkola y'Okulonda ey'Okugezesa

Okugezesa mu Lab (Okugezesa mu Jar): Okukebera ekika kya ionic, weetegereze okutondebwa kw'ekika & okuteekawo.

Okugezesa kw'omutendera: Okugezesa ebyuma eby'omutindo gwonna, okulongoosa MW & omutindo.

Okukakasa mu kitundu: Omuwendo gw'okusaasaanya amazzi, ebbeeyi y'ebyamaguzi & obulungi bw'emirimu.

V. Okunoonyereza ku nsonga

Municipal WWTP: CPAM (12M Da, 30% charge) ekendeeza ku buziba okuva ku 98% okutuuka ku 65%, nga bitwala ddoola 5-8 buli ttani y'ennyonyi ey'omukka.

Ensigo z'ebyamaguzi: APAM + FeCl ₃ ekendeeza obuzibu okutuuka ku < 70%.

Okufulumya

Okulonda PAM obulungi kwongera nnyo ku bukolerwa bw'okuggya amazzi mu mazzi n'okukendeeza ku bbeeyi y'okuggya. Enkyukakyuka z'omu kisaawe ezisinziira ku kugezesebwa kw'ekitongole n'ebitundu by'ebyuma bikulu nnyo okusobola okukola obulungi.