Okulonda ekika ekituufu ekya Polyacrylamide (PAM) kikulu nnyo okusobola okulongoosa amazzi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi mu ngeri ennungi era ey'ebbeeyi entono. Ekigendererwa ekikulu kwe kuggya amangu ebintu ebiriko amaanyi ebiriko amaanyi (SS) okuyita mu kukwatagana n'okufulumya.

1. Okutegeera Enkola z'amazzi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi

Amazzi ag'omusaayi ag'omu seramika gava mu nkola nga okuteekateeka ebintu ebikozesebwa, okusaasaanya, okusaasaanya, n'okusaasaanya. Ebintu byayo ebikulu:

• Ebintu eby'amaanyi ebiriko amaanyi (SS):  Erimu ebitundu ebitonotono eby'ettaka, quartz, feldspar, n'ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kusimba, ebitera okutuuka ku bungi bwa mg/L.

• Ebintu ebiriko obuzito obubi:  Ebintu ebisinga obungi eby'ekika kya seramika birina obuzito obubi mu mazzi, ne bikuleetera okuziyiza era ne bisigala nga bituukiriza.

• pH ey'enjawulo:  Ekitera okuba nga tekirina butono oba nga kirina butono, naye kiyinza okuba nga kirina acidic okusinziira ku nkola ez'enjawulo (ng'ekyokulabirako, okukozesa acidic glazes).

• Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka Okukyukakyuka  Omuwendo n'omuwendo gw'amazzi ag'omusaayi gwawukana nnyo okusinziira ku mitendera gy'okukola egy'enjawulo.

Ekigendererwa ekikulu eky'okujjanjaba kwe okwawula amasannyalaze n'amasannyalazePAM ekola nga flocculant, okugatta ebitundu ebitonotono mu bitundu ebinene, ebinene ebituuka amangu.

2. Okulonda Ekika kya PAM: Anionic, Cationic, oba Non-Ionic?

Kino kye kusalawo okusinga obukulu.

• Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM):  Ekikozesebwa okuggyawo obuzito obubi ku colloids. Kyokka, mu mazzi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'

• Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):  Emirimu okusingira ddala okuyita mu adsorption ne bridgeEnkola zaayo ez'obuwanvu ez'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by Kino kikola bulungi nnyo ku bifo ebiriko obuzito obunene.

• Polyacrylamide etali ya Ionic (NPAM):  Tekikwatagana nnyo n'enkyukakyuka za pH naye mu ngeri entuufu tekikola bulungi ku mazzi ag'omusaayi ag'ekika kya ceramic okusinga ebika bya anionic.

Ekitundu: Ku mazzi ag'omusaayi agasinga obungi ag'ebikozesebwa mu keramika, ekigendererwa ekisooka kwe kuggyawo SS, [Anionic Polyacrylamide] kye kisinga okusooka.

Ensonga:

1. Enkola ya molecule ey'ekika kya anionic PAM nnungi nnyo ey'okuziyiza obuzito obunene obw'ebitundu ebiriko obuzito obubi.

2. Kifulumya "ebitundu" ebinene, ebirabika obulungi, era ebitonotono ebituuka amangu nnyo.

3. Kitera okuba nga kino kisinga ssente nnyingi okusinga PAM eya cationic.

Ebigendererwa:
Singa amazzi ag'omusaayi galimu ebintu ebinene eby'obutonde (ng'ekyokulabirako, okuva mu bintu ebikwatagana, ebikozesebwa mu kwongera) oba singa omusaayi oguva mu mazzi ag'omusaayi oguva mu mazzi ag'omusaayi oguva mu mazzi ag'omusaayi oguvaokunywa kwa anaerobicolwo Polyacrylamide eya Cationic  eyinza okulowoozebwa, kubanga esobola okukwata obulungi colloids ez'obutonde era emirundi mingi esobola okukozesebwa mu kuddamu amazzi.

3. Enkola y'Okulonda mu Mutendera

Enjigiriza ewa obulagirizi, naye Okugezesa mu laboratory kye ngeri yokka eyeesigika ey'okulonda.

Omutendera 1: Okuteekateeka ku mazzi ag'omusaayi
Noonyereza ekifaananyi ekikiikiriza ku bintu nga pH ne SS concentration.

Omutendera 2: Okugezesa Jar ey'Ekitongole (Omutendera Omukulu)
Kino kye kintu ekisinga okuba eky'omugaso mu kulonda obulungi n'okuteeka eddagala.

1. Okuteekateeka Enkola:  Teteekawo ebirungo bya 0.1% eby'ebirungo bya PAM ez'enjawulo (ng'ekyokulabirako, ebika bya anionic eby'enjawulo nga birina obuzito bwa molekyuli obw'enjawulo n'ebitundu by'amazzi).

2. Enkola y'okugezesa:

   • Twala ebikopo bingi (500ml oba 1000ml) ebijjudde amazzi ag'omusaayi ag'omuwendo ogutuukana.

   • Wansi w'okusaasaanya amangu (~150-200 rpm), ongera omuwendo ogufaanana ogw'ebirungo bya PAM eby'enjawulo ku buli kikopo.

   • Oluvannyuma lw'eddakiika 1-2, kendeeza ku kukyusa okutuuka ku sipiidi entono (~40-60 rpm) okumala eddakiika 5-10 okutumbula okukulaakulana kw'ekika.

   • Leka okusaasaanya era oleke okusaasaanya okutuuka.

3. Emitindo gy'okugezesa:

   • Amaanyi g'okutondawo kw'ebitundu:  Ebitundu byafuuka amangu mmeka?

   • Obunene bw'ekitundu & Obunene:  Ebitundu bino binene, binene, era bitono? Ebitundu ebinene bisigala mangu era ne bifulumya amazzi amangu.

   • Okuteekateeka amangu:  Ekiseera eky'ebikonde okutuuka ku kitundu ky'obuwanvu bw'ekikopo. Okusinga amangu kisinga.

   • Obunene obusingawo obulungi:  Laba obulungi bw'amazzi agali waggulu oluvannyuma lw'okusaasaanya (ng'ekyokulabirako, eddakiika 5). Amazzi ag'enjawulo galaga nti gakola obulungi.

   • Enkola esingayo obulungi:  Manya omutindo ogutonotono oguleeta ebivuddemu ebisingayo obulungi. Okugatta obulungi kisobola okuzzaawo ebitundu n'okusaanyaawo ebitundu.

Omutendera 3: Okukakasa ku Scale ya Pilot
Singa kisoboka, kakasa abazannyi 1-2 abasinga okuva mu kukebera kwa jar mu nkola ya continuous flow pilot okukakasa ebikolwa mu mbeera ez'omunda.

4. Ebintu ebikulu: Obuzito bwa Molecular & Degree ya Hydrolysis

Ku Anionic PAM, ebitundu bibiri bikulu:

• Obuzito bwa Molecular (MW):  Kitegeeza obuwanvu bw'ekitundu kya polymer.

  • Ku mazzi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi,  Obuzito bwa Molecular Obunene ennyo  (emirundi mingi obukadde > 12, emirundi mingi obukadde > 16) bikubirizibwa. MW ey'omutindo ogusinga obunene ewa obubonero obuwanvu okusobola okugatta obulungi n'okutondawo obubonero obunene.

• Degree ya Hydrolysis (HD):  Omuwendo gw'ebibinja bya acrylamide ebikyusibwa mu bibinja bya acrylate, ebiwa omutindo gwa anionic.

  • A omutindo gw'amazzi ag'omutindo ogusingawo (omutindo ogusingawo 20-30%)  emirundi mingi kiri kirungi. HD entono nnyo, era enkola teyeeyongera bulungi; HD ey'omutindo ogusingawo, era omutindo guno gufuuka ogw'amaanyi nnyo era nga tegukola bulungi mu kukwatagana, nga gwongera okuwulira pH n'obuzibu.

Okumanya okw'omugaso:  Ku mazzi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi, a Anionic PAM erina obuzito bwa molekyuli obusukka mu bukadde 16 n'omutindo gw'amazzi ogwa 25%  kye kifo ekirungi eky'okutandikawo okugezesa ebikoola.

5. Ebintu Ebikulu Ebikozesebwa

1. Okuggyawo Okumala:  PAM erina okuggibwawo mu bujjuvu okusobola okukola obulungi. Kozesa amazzi agakadde singa kisoboka era osaasaanya okumala eddakiika 40-60 ku sipiidi entono okwewala okwonooneka kw'okusaasaanya.

2. Enkola y'okuddamu:  Teteekawo eby'okuddaabiriza ku 0.1% - 0.3%.

3. Ekifo ky'okukozesa:  Teeka ekirungo kya PAM mu kifo ekirimu obuzibu obumala okusobola okugatta mu bwangu era mu bujjuvu.

4. Okukyusa pH:  Singa pH y'amazzi ag'omusaayi eri wansi nnyo (<6) oba waggulu (>9), ebikolwa bya PAM eya anionic biyinza okukosebwa. Okuteekateeka pH ku mutindo ogutalina buzibu kuyinza okulongoosa ebivuddemu.

5. Okuteeka:  PAM ya hygroscopic. Keep bags sealed in a cool, dry place. Keep bags sealed in a cool, dry place. Keep bags sealed in a cool, dry place.

Ekiwandiiko

Okulonda PAM entuufu ey'amazzi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi:

1. Okulonda okusooka:  Tandika ne Anioniki Polyacrylamide.

2. Ebintu ebikulu:  Noonya Obuzito bwa Molecular Obunene (≥ obukadde 16)  ne Omutindo gwa Hydrolysis oguli wakati (20-30%).

3. Enkola enkulu:  Enkola Ebigezo bya Jar  okugeraageranya obunene bw'ekika, amangu g'okuteekawo, n'obulungi obusingawo okusobola okulonda okw'enkomerero n'okulongoosa omutindo.

4. Omutendera ogusembayo:  Okukakasa omulonzi asinga obulungi okuyita mu kugezesa kw'omutendera ku kifo.

Okugoberera enkola eno ey'enteekateeka kijja kukuyamba okumanya polyacrylamide esinga okuba ey'ebbeeyi entono era ey'omugaso mu nkola yo ey'okulongoosa amazzi ag'omusaayi.