paper sizePolyacrylamide(PAM) polymeric a flocculanta maxima efficata est, amplius in laboratione aquarum aquarum lavantium carbonum. In principio solidos (SS) et particulas colloidales per flocculationem et sedimentationem removit.  

Below is a comprehensive technical analysis:

1. Technical Principles

Flocculation Mechanism:

PAM's active groups (—CONH ₂) adsorbantur particulas caloribus, cargas superficie neutralizantes et formantur "pontes" ut colligerent particulas pulchras in flores maiores ad gradum velociter.

Anionic PAM (APAM): Sufficiens ad aquam alkalinum desertum (in lavatione carbonis normale) cum particibus negativis charged.

Non-ionic PAM (NPAM): Used for neutral or weakly acidic wastewater.

Cationic PAM (CPAM): Usum est saepe nisi colloides organic dives aut positivo cargatus.

Efecti synergistici:

Often combined with inorganic coagulants (e.g., PAC) for charge neutralization followed by PAM-enhanced flocculation.

2. Clave Technical Parameters

Dosage:

Usually 0.1–10 mg/L, determined via jar tests. Excess PAM may cause re-stabilization or fragile flocks.

Dissolution & Preparation:

PAM solvendum est ad 0,1%-0,5% solutionem cum ≥40 minutis turbationis ut non conpulseris.

Conditiones mixentes:

Rapidum mixtionem (200–300 rpm) in dispersionem secundum lentem mixtionem (20–50 rpm) in flora crescendum.

3. Advantages

Efficientia alta: Reducet tempus configurationis per > 50%, 90%–95% auferens SS.

Sludge Dewatering: Formitur dense flores, improving filter press efficiency.

Costa-Effectiveness: Low chemical cost (~$0.05–0.12 per tonnam aquae).

Securitate videntis: PAM non toxica est, sed residual acrylamide oportet < 0.05%.

4. Common Challenges & Solutions

Selection incorrecta

Conduct jar tests to optimize type (APAM/NPAM) and molecular weight (typically 8–12 million).

pH Sensitivitas:

APAM optime operatur in pH 7–10; The acidic wastewater requires pH adjustment or NPAM.

Incomplete Dissolution:

Use dedicated dissolving equipment to prevent "fish eyes".

Floc Breakage:

excessime mixentia aut excessima flores potest destabilizare Optimize operational parameters.

5. Case Study

Planta rubrica mine Coal:

Influent: SS 2000–5000 mg/L, pH 8–9.

Processus: PAC (50 mg/L) + APAM (2 mg/L).

Resultas: Effluent SS < 50 mg/L; humiliatio pulchritudinis a 98% usque ad 75% post filtrationem reduxit.

6. Impressiones futurae

Composite Formulations: Combine PAM with bio-agents for COD/heavy metal removal.

Smart Dosing Systems: Real-time turbidity monitoring for dynamic dosing.

Green PAM Modifications: Starch-grafted PAM for better biodegradability.

conclusion

PAM est solutio matura et cost a effectus aquae lavantiae carbonum, sed exercitus dependit on proper selection and process optimization. Integrated with pretreatment (screening) and post-treatment (filter pressing), it forms a complete treatment system.

If you have any further questions or requirements regarding polyacrylamide, please feel free to contact Secco at any time!